Eye problems are relatively common in cats and range from mild, self-limiting conditions to serious emergencies that can lead to permanent vision loss. A cat's eyes are also important indicators of systemic disease — certain eye changes can signal high blood pressure, viral infections, or immune system disorders.
Conjunctivitis
Conjunctivitis — inflammation of the pink membrane lining the eyelids — is the most common feline eye problem. It causes red, swollen eyes with discharge that may be clear, mucousy, or pus-like. In young cats, it is most commonly caused by herpesvirus (FVR), which is extremely common in the feline population and cannot be cured — it can only be managed during flare-ups. Conjunctivitis in adult cats warrants veterinary examination to rule out other causes.
Corneal Ulcers
The cornea is the clear outer layer of the eye. A corneal ulcer is a scratch or defect in this surface, typically caused by trauma — a cat fight, a scratch from a branch, or even vigorous rubbing from an eye infection. Signs include squinting, eye discharge, pawing at the eye, and a visible cloudiness or opacity over the cornea. Superficial ulcers usually heal well with treatment. Deep ulcers can lead to perforation and require emergency surgery.
Signs That Require Emergency Care
Any eye that appears suddenly very red, painful, or cloudy should be evaluated by a veterinarian immediately. Eye proptosis — where the eye bulges out of the socket — is an emergency typically caused by trauma. Sudden vision loss, a dilated pupil that does not respond to light, and sudden onset of severe squinting with discharge are all urgent situations. The longer an eye problem goes untreated, the more likely it is to cause permanent damage.